MathBench > Probability

Laws of AND and OR

What if you violate the fine print?

 

Prize

Chances

Washer-dryer

5%

Toaster Oven

10%

Tropical Getaway

1%

Pet Rocks

84%

Here is the original table of probabilities. You can see that the chance of winning a major prize (washer-dyer, toaster, or getaway) = 16%.

Let's say we want to figure out the chance that you will win an appliance OR a major prize.

If you blindly apply the Law of OR, you would write:

P(major prize OR appliance) = P(major prize) + P(appliance) = 16% + 15% = 31%.

Pretty good odds! But don't get too excited yet. The problem is that we "double-counted", because your chances of winning the toaster or the washer-dryer both got counted twice! Really, your chances should be:

P(major prize OR appliance) = P(getaway OR appliance) = 1% + 15% = 16%.

In fact, there is a rule that allows you to correct for the effect of double-counting, but we're not going to go into it here -- and in any case, you can only use it if you know how much double-counting is happening.

In general, though, if two probabilities are not mutually exclusive, you can't add them, which means you can't figure out the probability of one event or the other. Sorry!

 

Can you determine the probability that one OR the other rain and snowevent will occur, using the information given?

the chance of rain or snow tomorrow,
given that P (rain) = 10% and P (snow) = 1%

 

(To make this problem interactive, turn on javascript!)

I think I have the answer: we can't say anything


keychainthe likelihood that you left your keys
in your pocket or your backpack,
given that P(pocket)=10% and P(backpack)=80%

(To make this problem interactive, turn on javascript!)

I think I have the answer: 10% + 80% = 90%


curly or not?

the probability that your father or your mother has curly hair,
given that the probability of curly hair in a population is 30%

(To make this problem interactive, turn on javascript!)

I think I have the answer: we can't say anything