Table of Contents

• Section 1. Frank's Story
• 1: The story
• 2: Biological interlude
• Section 2. How the meningitis population grows
• 3: How many meningococci can kill you?
• 4: Build the basic growth equation
• 5: Draw exponential growth
• Section 3. So why isn't Frank dead already?
• 6: How long has poor Frank got?
• 7: All we need now is data
• 8: Looking at data
• 9: Log transform straightens out exponential growth
• 10: Do ALL curves get "straightened" by taking the log?
• 11: Phases of bacterial growth
• Section 4. How can we tell when the population is growing exponentially?
• 12: A test for exponential growth
• 13: And the answer is...
• 14: No way its growing that fast!
• 15: Some more practice
• 16: In search of ... the exact doubling time
• 17: Finding doubling time with messy numbers
• 18: Logs = Exponent-busters
• 19: Let's bust some exponents
• 20: Let's bust some exponents
• 21: Extended problem #1: Exponential growth ends (with a whimper)
• Section 5. Back to Frank
• 22: Extended Problem #2: How long DOES poor Frank have?

Logs = Exponent-busters

In a word: when you have a problem with exponents, try logs. The great thing about logs is that they take everything down a notch. Multiplication gets busted down to addition. Exponents get busted down to multiplication.

If you're already comfortable with manipulating log expressions, just skip to the next page. Otherwise, here is a quick reminder and attempt to rationalize that exponent-busting magic.

What is a log?

What logs tell us is the magnitude of a number -- how much space the number takes up on paper.

If the log is 3, then the original number is a '1' followed by three zeros.

If the log is 4, then the original number is a '1' followed by four zeros.

If the log is between 3 and 4, then the original number is something bigger than '1' followed by three more digits.

How do logs turn multiplication into addition?

So far so good. Let's take it another step. When we multiply 2 normal numbers, we're basically ADDING their magnitudes. Therefore

100 * 1000 = 100,000

The number 100 has 2 zeros, 1000 has 3 zeros, and their product has 2+3=5 zeros. By not-coincidence, the MAGNITUDE of 100 is 2, the magnitude of 1000 is 3, and the magnitude of 100,000 is 5.

The moral of the story so far: logs allow us to deal with numbers as magnitude, so it turns multiplication into addition.

How do logs turn exponents into multiplication?

As you know, using an exponent is a short-hand way of indicating repeated multiplication.

2⁵ = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2

So logs turn (repeated) multiplication into (repeated) addition

2⁵ = log(2) + log(2) + log(2) + log(2) + log(2)

Another way of saying "repeated addition" is "multiplication"

2⁵ = 5* log(2)

So the whole moral of the story is: logs knock exponents down to multiplication, and they knock multiplication down to addition.

Bottom line: logs are a biologist's best friend...!